Determination of Acute Toxic Effects of Poly (Vinylferrocenium) Supported Palladium Nanoparticle (Pd/PVF+) on Artemia salina

Abstract

Platinum-group elements are released to environment by only anthropogenic activities. It is commonly used in many fields such as technology, medical field and especially catalytic converters. The toxicological effects of Poly(vinylferrocenium) (PVF+), PVF+-supported palladium nanoparticles (Pd/PVF+), and K2PdCl4 have been determined on a brine shrimp Artemia salina larvae (nauplii). Lethal concentration values of K2PdCl4, PVF+ and Pd/PVF+ were 1987.567 mg/L, 242.67 mg/L and 5467.546 mg/L, respectively. We found that toxic effects of K2PdCl4, PVF+ and Pd/PVF+ nanoparticles increased with exposure duration. In other words, the toxic effects of these strongly time-dependent toxic effect. Toxicity ranking for 48-h exposure time; PVF+, K2PdCl4 and Pd/PVF+, 96-h PVF+, Pd/PVF+ and K2PdCl4, respectively. According to ANOVA significant differences were found at the level of P<0.05 or P<0.01 between mortality rates due to time grous and concentrations for these three groups at the end of the exposure duration.